![]() The official names COVID‑19 and SARS-CoV-2 were issued by the WHO on 11 February 2020. In January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended 2019-nCoV and 2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease as interim names for the virus and disease per 2015 guidance and international guidelines against using geographical locations or groups of people in disease and virus names to prevent social stigma. In the past, many diseases have been named after geographical locations, such as the Spanish flu, Middle East respiratory syndrome, and Zika virus. 13.1 Transmission and prevention researchĭuring the initial outbreak in Wuhan, the virus and disease were commonly referred to as "coronavirus" and "Wuhan coronavirus", with the disease sometimes called "Wuhan pneumonia".6.8 International travel-related control measures.6.3 Indoor ventilation and avoiding crowded indoor spaces.Management involves the treatment of symptoms, supportive care, isolation, and experimental measures. While work is underway to develop drugs that inhibit the virus, the primary treatment is symptomatic. The use of face masks or coverings has been recommended in public settings to minimise the risk of transmission. Other preventive measures include physical or social distancing, quarantining, ventilation of indoor spaces, covering coughs and sneezes, hand washing, and keeping unwashed hands away from the face. Several COVID-19 vaccines have been approved and distributed in various countries, which have initiated mass vaccination campaigns. ![]() ĬOVID-19 testing methods to detect the virus's nucleic acid include real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT‑PCR), transcription-mediated amplification, and reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT‑LAMP) from a nasopharyngeal swab. People remain contagious for up to 20 days, and can spread the virus even if they do not develop symptoms. Transmission can also occur if splashed or sprayed with contaminated fluids in the eyes, nose or mouth, and, rarely, via contaminated surfaces. The risk of breathing these is highest when people are in close proximity, but they can be inhaled over longer distances, particularly indoors. ĬOVID‑19 transmits when people breathe air contaminated by droplets and small airborne particles containing the virus. Multi-year studies are underway to further investigate the long-term effects of the disease. Some people continue to experience a range of effects ( long COVID) for months after recovery, and damage to organs has been observed. Older people are at a higher risk of developing severe symptoms. Of those people who develop symptoms noticeable enough to be classed as patients, most (81%) develop mild to moderate symptoms (up to mild pneumonia), while 14% develop severe symptoms ( dyspnoea, hypoxia, or more than 50% lung involvement on imaging), and 5% develop critical symptoms ( respiratory failure, shock, or multiorgan dysfunction). At least a third of people who are infected do not develop noticeable symptoms. Symptoms may begin one to fourteen days after exposure to the virus. Symptoms of COVID‑19 are variable, but often include fever, cough, headache, fatigue, breathing difficulties, loss of smell, and loss of taste. The disease quickly spread worldwide, resulting in the COVID-19 pandemic. The first known case was identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. The initial experiments were done using the Delta strain of SARS-CoV-2.Coronavirus disease 2019 ( COVID-19) is a contagious disease caused by a virus, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The researchers treated hamsters infected with Covid with the antiviral TIPs and then measured the amount of virus in the animals' noses daily. In the new paper, Weinberger and Chaturvedi studied whether TIPs could also reduce viral shedding - a separate question from reducing symptoms and viral load. "TIPs would be an ideal treatment because they keep learning as the virus evolves, so they could keep the problem of drug resistance in check," she noted. "Over the last few years, many of the challenges of the pandemic have been related to the emergence of new variants," said Chaturvedi. Since TIPs reside inside the same cells as the virus they target, they evolve at the same time, staying active even as new viral strains emerge. The benefit of TIPs, though, goes beyond their ability to stifle a virus inside infected cells. "This study shows that a single, intranasal dose of TIPs reduces the amount of virus transmitted, and protects animals that came into contact with that treated animal," said Gladstone senior investigator Leor Weinberger. Historically, it has been exceptionally challenging for antivirals and vaccines to limit the transmission of respiratory viruses, including SARS-CoV-2. ![]()
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